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Objective: To explore the pathogen composition and distribution characteristics of pathogens in respiratory samples from patients with fever of unknown origin. Methods: A total of 96 respiratory samples of patients with unknown cause fever with respiratory symptoms were collected from four hospitals above grade II in Shijiazhuang area (Hebei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Luancheng District People's Hospital, Luquan District People's Hospital, Shenze County Hospital) from January to April 2020, and multiplex-fluorescent polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to detect influenza A virus, influenza B virus, enterovirus, parainfluenza virus I/II/III/IV, respiratory adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human rhinovirus, human bocavirus, COVID-19, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Group A streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus nucleic acid detection, the results were analyzed for chi-square. Results: A total of 8 pathogens were detected in the upper respiratory tract samples of 96 fever patients, including 1 kind of virus, 6 kinds of bacterias, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. There were 12 viruses including influenza virus and parainfluenza virus, Legionella pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae were not detected. The pathogen detection rates in descending order were Streptococcus pneumoniae (58/96, 60.42%), Haemophilus influenzae(38/96, 39.58%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14/96, 14.58%), Staphylococcus aureus (10/96, 10.42%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (8/96, 8.33%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6/96, 6.25%), Group A streptococcus (4/96, 4.17%) and human rhinovirus (2/96, 2.08%). The proportions of single-pathogen infection and multi-pathogen mixed infection in fever clinic patients were similar, 41.67% (40/96) and 45.83% (44/96), respectively, and 12.50% (12/96)of the cases had no pathogens detected. The infection rate of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in female patients with fever (21.43%) was higher than that in male patients with fever (2.94%) (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the distribution of of other pathogens and gender and age(P > 0.05). Conclusions: The upper respiratory tract pathogens were mainly bacterial infections, and occasional human rhinovirus and Mycoplasma pneumonia infections. In clinical diagnosis and treatment, comprehensive consideration should be given to the pathogen detection.
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Many zoonotic diseases are found in wild animals and present a serious risk to human health, in particularly the virus carried by birds flying freely around the world is hard to control. There are three main bird migration routes which cover the most areas of China. It is important to investigate and fully understand the types of avian transmitted diseases in key areas on the bird migration routines and its impacts on both birds and human health. However, no literature is available in how about the risk of virus carried by migrating birds, and how to predict and reduce this risk of virus spreading to human being so far. In this paper, we first reviewed the main pathogen types carried by birds, including coronaviruses, influenza viruses, parasites, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), etc., and then discussed the spread risk of avian viruses to human being and animals in key areas of biosafety prevention. We also analyzed and discussed the risk of cross-spread of diseases among different bird species in nature reserves located on bird migration routes which provide sufficient food sources for migratory birds and attract numerous birds. Diseases transmitted by wild birds pose a serious threat to poultry farms, where high density of poultry may become avian influenza virus (AIV) reservoirs, cause a risk of avian influenza outbreaks. Airports are mostly built in suburban areas or remote areas with good ecological environment. There are important transit places for bird migration and densely populated areas, which have serious risk of disease transmission. Finally, this paper puts forward the following prevention suggestions from three aspects. First, establish and improve the monitoring and prediction mechanism of migratory birds, and use laser technology to prevent contact between wild birds and poultry. Second, examine and identify virus types carried by birds in their habitats and carry out vaccination. Third, protect the ecological environment of bird habitat, and keep wild birds in their natural habitat, so as to reduce the contact between wild birds and human and poultry, and thus reduce the risk of virus transmission.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of peripheral blood microRNA-21(miR-21) and transforming growth factor-beta(TNF-beta)/Smad signaling transduction pathway in patients with bronchial asthma complicated with respiratory virus infection. METHODS: Totally 109 patients with asthma complicated with respiratory virus infection(study group) and 104 patients without virus infection(control group) in the Third People's Hospital of Gansu Province between Feb.2019 and Feb.2021 were selected for the cross-sectional study. The basic data of the two groups were collected, and parameters including vital signs, lung function, peripheral blood miR-21 and TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway proteins were measured. According to the guidelines, the patients of the two groups were divided into acute exacerbation phase and stable phase. The examination results of each group were compared and the levels of peripheral blood miR-21 and TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway proteins expression of patients with asthma complicated with respiratory virus infection were analyzed. RESULTS: In study group, the proportion of respiratory virus infection among 109 patients was 33.94% for influenza virus, 23.85% for human rhinovirus, 19.27% for respiratory syncytial virus, 10.09% for parainfluenza virus, 6.42% for adenovirus, 4.59% for human coronavirus and 1.83% for human metapneumovirus respectively. The proportion of patients with acute exacerbation phase in the study group was higher than that in the control group, and the levels of peripheral blood miR-21, TGF-beta1, Smad7, pSmad2 and pSmad3 were higher than those in control group(P<0.05). The levels of miR-21, TGF-beta1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad7, pSmad2 and pSmad3 in peripheral blood of patients with acute exacerbation phase of asthma were higher than those of patients with stable phase of asthma(P<0.05). There were no statistical differences in peripheral blood miR-21, TGF-beta1, Smad2, Smad3, Smad7, pSmad2 and pSmad3 levels in asthma patients with different virus infections. CONCLUSION: Early respiratory virus infections might lead to increased expression of peripheral blood miR-21 and increased activation of TGF-beta/Smad signaling pathway in patients with asthma, which played an important role in acute attack of asthma.
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Respiratory viral infections (RVI) such as influenza and COVID19 impact the host systemic immune system along with causing deleterious chronic inflammatory responses and respiratory distress. While the role of chronic inflammation in cancer is well-established, the role of RVI on tumorigenesis is poorly defined. To study the role of RVI on breast cancer, we first infected murine respiratory epithelial cells (mRES) with murine sendai virus (mSV), an analog for human parainfluenza virus. These infected mRES were co-cultured with 4T1 murine breast cancer cells in 1:1 dilution on a single 2D plate and also in trans-well format. Both in co-culture and transwell culture we saw a 40- 80% (p<0.05) increased proliferation of breast cancer cells. Similarly, when 4T1 cells were treated with the supernatant collected from infected mRES cells in 1:5 dilution, also demonstrated a 2.3 fold increased breast cancer cell proliferation. The cytokine analysis from the supernatant collected from infected mRES cells demonstrated a 17-23 fold enhanced secretion of alpha/beta-defensins. Direct treatment of alpha-defensin (cyptidin-4, 10 pg/mL) and beta-defensin-3 (mBD3, 20 pg/mL) on 4T1 cells demonstrated enhanced expression of chemokine metastatic receptor, CXCR4 (4.3 fold), angiogenic factor, VEGF (12.8 fold) and cell division favoring factor, CDK2 (8.1 fold). Further, analysis of infected mRES cells demonstrated upregulation of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and NODlike receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) expression. Interesting, co-cultured of infected mRES with syngeneic murine CD4 T cells induced exhaustion phenotype (PD1+ and CTLA4+ ) differentiation of CD4 T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that respiratory viral infections through induction of cancer cell proliferation and inhibiting anti-tumor adaptive immune responses promote breast cancer proliferation.
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Bovine rhinitis virus (BRV) is an important pathogen responsible for the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) and can be divided into two genotypes (BRAV and BRBV). To establish a duplex quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of BRAV and BRBV, specific primers and TaqMan probes targeting the 5'NTR of BRAV and 3'NTR of BRBV were designed. A duplex quantitative real- time RT- PCR assay for simultaneous detecting BRAV and BRBV was preliminarily established by optimizing reaction conditions for each step. The assay specifically detects BRAV and BRBV, and no crossreaction with other common bovine respiratory pathogens, including IDV, BCoV, BVDV-1, BRSV, BPIV-3, BAdV-3, mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella, was observed. In addition, the sensitivity test showed that the detection limits of this assay were 3.2x101 copies/L for both BRAV and BRBV plasmid standards. Besides, the repeatability test showed that the variation coefficients of this assay were less than 0.05 from both lot-to-lot and intra-lot. These results showed that the assay has high specificity, extreme sensitivity, and good repeatability. Moreover, a total of 43 nasal swabs of BRDC cattle were tested by our assay and four other quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays, including 3 BRAV assays and 4 BRBV assays. The results showed that the detection rates of our assay were 32.56%(14/43) for BRAV and 30.23%(13/43) for BRBV, and the detection rates of other quantitative real-time RT-PCR assays were 0(0/43), 2.33%(1/43), 23.26%(10/43) for BRAV and 27.91% (12/43), 27.91%(12/43), 27.91%(12/43), 27.91%(12/43) for BRBV, indicating that our assay has a more substantial detection capability than other assays. This study firstly established a duplex quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for simultaneous detection of BRAV and BRBV, and the assay exhibited high specificity, sensitivity, and stability. Moreover, the study firstly confirmed the existence of BRAV in China, contributing to the prevention and control of BRDC.
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Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) play an important role in morbidity formation among children. At the same time, studies about the ARVI etiological structure are not enough. The article presents the results of structure analyses of ARVI in children with severe and moderate degrees of disease hospitalized in the children's clinical hospital of Novosibirsk for the period 2015-2018. This research aimed to analyze the morbidity of acute respiratory viral infections with the estimation of a causal virus in children admitted to the hospital for the period 2015-2018. Material and methods. In this study, 1137 children aged between 0 and 15 years were examined. In order to determine the etiological factor in children with damage of the upper or lower respiratory tract, by using the method of RT-PCR (AmpliSensARVI-screen-FL test systems (InterLabService, Russia), mucus from the nose and throat was examined for the presence of genetic material of viruses that cause ARVI (influenza A and B viruses, parainfluenza viruses of types 1-4, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, four types of human coronavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, and bocavirus). Results. The research found that the most frequently detected pathogens are respiratory syncytial virus (23.52%), influenza A and B viruses (19.73%) and rhinovirus (19.21%). Observe the dynamics some fluctuations in the detection of mentioned viral agents and increasing of mixed infections were detected. In addition, the importance of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract combined lesions, particularly for infants and preschool - age children has been noted. Conclusion. The distribution of respiratory viruses in children with severe ARVI who required hospitalization was assessed. It was shown the significance of the respiratory syncytial infection virus, influenza virus and rhinovirus in the etiological structure of hospitalized children of different ages that damage not only the respiratory tract, but also to the gastrointestinal tract. This is an important factor in optimizing the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of viral infections in children.Copyright © Infectious Diseases: News, Opinions, Training 2021.
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This paper describes the epidemiology, prevalence, transmission, prevention and control of some infectious diseases in companion animals, livestock, wild animals and humans in Ontario, Canada, in 2022, including SARS-CoV-2;Echinococcus multilocularis, Leishmania spp. and SARS-CoV-2;antimicrobial stewardship resources;2 cases of rabid dogs imported from Iran (July 2021 and January 2022);prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriacea, Dirofilaria immitis, Brucella canis, canine parainfluenza and adeno- and herpes viruses in dogs recently imported from Asia;Paragonimus kellicotti lung flukes and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in dogs;African swine fever in pet pigs, backyard pigs and wild pigs and blastomycosis in dogs and humans.
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In January 2023, a total of 64 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 235 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were COVID-19 (235), monkeypox (110), dengue fever (31), measles (27) and cholera (15). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Nipah virus disease (62.5%), Ebola virus disease (47.0%), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (37.5%), Lassa fever (15.1%) and West Nile fever (7.6%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, measles and dengue fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19, cholera and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, malaria and monkeypox, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, cholera, monkeypox, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19, monkeypox and invasive group A streptococcus infection.
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This article discusses the worldwide routine vaccination coverage in 2021, as part of the Immunisation Agenda 2030, a global immunisation strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases. The report presents global, regional, and national estimates and trends in vaccination coverage through 2021, based on reviews of country-specific data, including administrative and survey-based coverage. Global estimates show that coverage with 3 doses of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis-containing vaccine (DTPcv3) and the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) decreased to their lowest levels since 2008. In 2021, 25.0 million infants were not vaccinated with DTPcv3, 2.1 million more than in 2020, and 5.9 million more than in 2019. The number of zero-dose children was 37% higher than in 2019, with 18.2 million infants not receiving any DTPcv dose by the age of 12 months. The report highlights that the full recovery from disruptions to immunisation programmes due to the COVID-19 pandemic will require context-specific strategies to find missed children, prioritise essential health services, and strengthen immunisation programmes to prevent outbreaks.
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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic forced taking measures to restrain viral transmission. Our aim was to describe the changes in the patterns of childhood respiratory viral infections in admitted patients during the COVID19 pandemic. Method(s): We performed an observational study. Trends in respiratory PCR results, from all children admitted to the pediatric departments between Jan. 2015 to Aug. 2021 were evaluated using time series models. Weekly patterns were compared between pre-COVID era and COVID-19 era. Result(s): A total of 7322 pediatric admissions with respiratory viral panel PCR results from 43,466 admissions were evaluated. When comparing Pre-COVID-19 to the COVID-19 era, there was a significant decrease in the number of admissions in which a respiratory viral panel was performed (18% vs. 12%, p<0.001) and a decrease in the number of panels positive for a respiratory viral pathogen (47% vs. 36%, p<0.001). We observed a change in the circulation pattern of respiratory viruses during the COVID-19 era, with marked differences between different respiratory viruses;Influenza viruses completely disappeared;The peak in RSV infection was delayed from the 1st week of 2021 to the 25th week;HMPV had an attenuated peak in 2020 and peaked normally in 2021;parainfluenza viruses did not peak during 2020 with an early peak in the 1st week of 2021;Adenovirus circulation pattern was only minimally affected. Conclusion(s): This study offers a detailed picture of the change in respiratory viruses in children during the COVID19 pandemic, compared to previous years. The changes in patterns are probably related to the application of measures taken to control the SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Against a pandemic of emerged infectious disease, COVID-19, new generation vaccines based on nucleic acids or recombinant viruses, which had not been used as vaccines in humans, have been inoculated and shown to be successful. They are, however, heat-labile and need a cold-chain including deep-freezers for storage and transportation. Vaccinia virus (VAC) vector vaccine (VACV) is a pioneer of new generation of vaccines constructed by using molecular biological technology. VACV, which has contributed to eradication of smallpox, has excellent characteristics of vaccinia virus such as a high heat-stability and long-lasting immunological effects. It is possible to distinguish the immunological responses of vaccination from those of natural infections. We started our developmental researches 35 years ago, using attenuated VAC strains established in Japan. In this article, we first describe the early researches of VACVs;development of two VACVs for Bovine leukemia virus and Rinderpest morbillivirus antigens and their protective immunity in large mammals, sheep and cows. Second, application of VACV is described;Rabies-VACV, which has already been licensed, used in the field in Europe and USA, and resulted in a prominent decrease of rabies. Then, current status of VACV research is described;non-replicating VACVs in mammalian cells have been developed as new-generation and ultimately-safe vaccines. We discuss the possibility of future application of VACV for wildlife.
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Biodiversity protects ecosystem against infectious diseases. Increased human contact with wild life have caused high impact diseases such as SARS, Novel Corona virus, Nipah Virus, Ebola fever and many more. Anthropogenic activities such as hunting, farming, human encroachments, wild life trade, introduction of domestic species, bush meat hunting, road building, mining and increased human wildlife contact rates have lead to massive decline in biodiversity and increased risk of spilling over of dangerous viruses from animals to humans primarily due to host shifts. Human preference to high meat diet is also on rise in many countries. Wet markets have significant contribution in amplifying epizootic virus transmission and increased human exposure. Species in the primate and bat orders harbor a number of zoonotic viruses. Our destruction of nature, loss of habitat and biodiversity possibly tend to promote viral emergence. Invasion of undisturbed places leads to more and more exposure and create habitat where viral transmission is easier. Interference with a natural environment/habitat can, therefore, worsen the health risks. The erosion of biodiversity may lead to proliferation of species that are most likely to transmit new diseases to humans. Preserving habitat, biodiversity and natural environment is therefore one of the essential issues that cannot be put at the back any more.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate and analyze multiple detection of 13 kinds of viruses in 500 children with acute respiratory tract infection in Hami of Xinjiang. METHODS: A total of 500 children with acute respiratory tract infection treated in the hospital between Jan 2018 and Jan 2021 were enrolled. Thirteen kinds of respiratory infection viruses including human respiratory syncytial virus(RSV), human rhinovirus(hRV), respiratory adenovirus(AdV), influenza A and B viruses(Inf A, Inf B), parainfluenza virus(PIV 1/2/3), human enterovirus(hEV), human metapneumovirus(hMPV), human coronavirus(hCoV 229E/OC43) and human Boca virus(hBoV) were detected by multiple reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) amplification and capillary electrophoresis. And the results were compared with those by direct sequencing method. RESULTS: Of the 500 samples, 379 samples were positive(75.80%), and the top three detection rates were RSV(19.40%), hRV(16.00%) and Inf B(12.60%). The differences in positive rates of the respiratory virus among <1 year group, 1-3 years group and >3 years group were significant(84.97%, 77.47%, 65.45%)(P<0.05). The detection rate of RSV was the highest in <1 year group, and the detection rates of Inf A and Inf B were the highest in >3 years group. The differences in positive rates of respiratory viruses among the spring group, summer group, autumn group and winter group were significant(74.05%, 63.73%, 77.24%, 84.03%)(P<0.05). The detection rates of RSV, PIV 3, and hMPV were the highest in the winter group, and detection rate of AdV was the highest in spring group. CONCLUSION: RSV is the main infection virus in children with acute respiratory infection in Hami of Xinjiang. The distribution of respiratory viruses is related to age and onset season in children.
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Objective To investigate drug resistance gene in Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) and the distribution of 13 respiratory pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP). Methods A total of 100 BALF of children with MPP in Peking University Third Hospital and Peking University First Hospital from January 2018 to January 2019 were collected. Fluorogenic quantitative PCR was used to detect nucleic acid and it's drug resistance gene of MP and multiple PCR method was adopted to detect influenza A virus, influenza A virus - H1 N1, influenza A virus - H3 N2, influenza B, human parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, human bocavirus, human rhino virus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, human metapneumovirus, MP, human corona virus, and respiratory syncytial virus gene, and the results were compared by using Chi square test. Results In 100 BALF samples, MP and drug resistance gene were detected by fluorogenic quantitative PCR. Totally, 83 cases (83. 00%) were MP positive and 78 cases (93. 98%) were drug resistant. All of them had the point mutations A2063G in V region of 23S rRNA domain. A total of 13 kinds of respiratory pathogens were detected by multiplex PCR method, and 89 cases (89. 00%) were positive. Totally, 79 cases (79. 00%) were MP positive, of which 74 cases (74. 00%) detected only MP, and 5 cases (5. 00%) detected MP combined with other pathogens. Other pathogens were detected in 10 cases (10. 00%). The virus detection rate of 0-4 years old group was higher than that of > 4-6 years old group (P - 0. 042) and > 6 years old group (P =0. 002), and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions MP can be detected in most BALF samples of MPP children, the drug resistance phenomenon is serious, and the main point mutation is A2063G. There were other respiratory pathogens and 2 or 3 pathogens were detected in a small number of BALF samples.Copyright © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.
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Vaccination is effective in preventing the increase of disease, especially emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), and it is particularly important for people in close contact with infected sources and susceptible populations who are at increased risk of getting infectious diseases due to behavior, occupation or health. Despite targeted vaccination guidelines, inadequate vaccination of the key populations fails to receive widespread attention, resulting in a high-risk transition of disease from key populations to general populations. Strengthening the vaccination of the susceptible groups can effectively block the spread of pathogens to general populations, and reduce the consumption of medical resources in universal vaccination, which has significant economic value. In this review, we describe the prevalence of EIDs, analyze the experience and lessons of infectious disease vaccination in key populations through several cases, and further explore the causes for the decline in vaccination rates of key populations. According to the trends of EIDs, a plan to strengthen the vaccination of key populations is proposed to effectively prevent the transition of EIDs from key populations to general populations.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of respiratory tract viruses infections in sentinel hospitals of Guangming District, Shenzhen, from 2018 to 2021. METHODS: A total of 1 183 influenza-like patients who were treated in University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital(Guangming District) from Jan 2018 to Dec 2021 were recruited as the research subjects. The respiratory viruses that were isolated from throat swab specimens were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR, and the prevalence of the infections was observed. RESULTS: Among the throat swab specimens that were collected from the 1 183 influenza-like patients, 45.48%(538/1183) were tested positive for respiratory viruses. Among the 538 positive samples, 533 were single infection, and 5 were mixed infection;the patients with influenza virus infection accounted for 77.51%(417 cases), higher than the patients with infections of other viruses [adenovirus infection(6.51%), respiratory syncytial virus infection(1.30%), human metapneumovirus infection(1.67%), rhinovirus infection(6.88%), coronavirus infection(1.86%), parainfluenza virus infection(3.16%), boca virus infection(0.19%), P<0.05]. The incidence of respiratory viruses infections was higher in winter than in spring, summer and autumn(P<0.05), the proportion of the influenza virus was higher than that of other viruses in winter(P<0.05). The population aged between 26 and 40 years old was dominant among the patients with influenza virus infection, and the infection rate of the age group was higher than that of other age groups(P<0.05). The population aged between 26 and 40 years old was dominant among the patients with coronavirus infection, while the population aged less than 15 years old was dominant among the patients with infections of other respiratory viruses;the patients aged less than 15 years accounted for 59.46%(22 cases) among the patients with rhinovirus infection;the patients aged less than 5 years old accounted for 42.86%(15 cases) among the patients with adenovirus infection. There was no significant difference in the proportion of the patients with respiratory viruses infection between genders. CONCLUSION: The influenza virus is dominant among the viruses causing the respiratory tract infection, which is prevalent in winter. The incidence of respiratory tract infections is relatively high among the patients aged between 26 and 40 years old but is not associated with the gender.
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This paper describes the clinical signs and use of differential laboratory diagnostic techniques (computed tomography, cytology, histopathology, antigen/antibody detection and polymerase chain reaction) for infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic) and non-infectious (inflammatory/immune mediated, neoplastic, cardiac, malformation, foreign body, smoke inhalation, aspiration of caustic material, non-cardiogenic, pulmonary oedema, traumativ, pneumothorax, pulmonary contusions and idiopathic) causes of respiratory diseases in cats and dogs in Ontario, Canada.
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Italy was the first western nation affected by the pandemic and was observed as a pilot case in the management of the new coronavirus epidemic. The outbreak of COVID-19 disease has been challeng-ing in Italy. On June 25, 2020 there were 239,821 total cases, of which 33,592 were deaths nationwide. Three lessons emerged from this experience that can serve as a blueprint to improve future plans for the outbreak of viruses. First, early reports on the spread of COVID-19 can help inform public health officials and medical practitioners in effort to combat its progression;second, inadequate risk assessment related to the urgency of the situation and limited reporting to the virus has led the rapid spread of COVID-19;third, an effective response to the virus had to be undertaken with coherent system of actions simultaneously.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
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The Indian poultry market is estimated to have an annual growth rate of 8.1% as of today. However, infectious diseases in poultry pose an important constraint in the growth and development of this sector in our region. Among infectious diseases, viral diseases of poultry pose a serious threat to the poultry industry from an economic point of view. Several viral disease outbreaks have been reported by various researchers from different parts of the country. Among the common viral diseases of poultry, incidences of Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza, Fowl Pox, Infectious Bursal Disease, Marek's disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Inclusion Body Hepatitis are significant in Assam as well as other parts of India. Thorough epidemiological studies followed by the identification of different serotypes, pathotypes, strains, etc. by genotyping and molecular characterization of viral disease pathogens may lead to ways to control and eradicate the diseases. Importance should be given to maintaining basic preventive measures like biosecurity, farm hygiene, and proper vaccination. In a developing country like India, disease outbreaks can impact the country's economy. In this study, a brief view of the common viral disease of poultry and its diagnosis and control strategies in Assam, India is depicted. However, this review well indicates a plethora of avian diseases that have occurred over the years causing a severe impact on poultry farming as a whole.
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Objective: To understand the pathogenic spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in adult inpatients in Yangpu District, Shanghai, China, in order to explore strategies for the prevention and treatment of respiratory infectious diseases. Methods: Individual cases were from adult inpatients with SARI in Yangpu District, Shanghai, China from January 2019 to July 2021. Their respiratory samples were collected for etiological pathogen testing. Results: A total of 681 SARI cases were enrolled for sampling and lab testing. Among them, 79.00% were aged 60 years and older, and 75.48% had confirmed chronic disease history. A total of 163 infection inpatients (23.94%) were positive for at least one pathogen. The pathogens identified most frequently were influenza A virus (6.75%), followed by rhinovirus/enterovirus (3.23%), parainfluenza virus (PIV) (2.79%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (2.35%), coronavirus (CoV) (2.06%). The positive rates of adenovirus (AdV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), respiratory syncytial virus and bocavirus were all less than 2%. Bacterial strains were identified in eleven SARI cases, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4 strains), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3 strains). Legionella pneumophila was detected in 9 cases (1.32%) and Bordetella pertussis in 5 cases (0.73%). Two pathogens were co-detected from 11 cases, accounting for 1.62% of 163 positive cases. The most common co-detected pathogens were influenza A virus and other pathogens, accounting for 54.55% of the mixed infection. The positive rates of pathogens were not significantly different between less than 60 years old and over 60 years old groups except for Bordetella pertussis, adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumonia(P < 0.05). Influenza virus had epidemic peak in winter and spring, but not in summer from 2019 to 2021. Conclusion: Various respiratory pathogens are detected from adult SARI cases. It is mainly influenza virus, with co-detected pathogens and rare pathogens. This study provides helpful information for targeted prevention and control measures including vaccination.